Formatting Tip: Abbreviations

I know . . . this is a long ‘un, and abbreviations are critical in writing. There are so many rules! There can be some crossover with acronyms and initialisms, and between them, you should be able to work it out. Do check out the section on addresses as authors tend to get this one wrong rather frequently.

There are some good tips on the use of that pesky AD and BCE as well as the weirdness of the honorable and reverend. I find the section on plants to be very handy as I can never keep them straight!

To Period or not to Period

That’s a question all right, with some very flexible answers. While it is your choice, do be aware that different style guides have their preferences. It can also be a context issue. If it would make the abbreviation more understandable (or less confusing), use the period. Do read up on the double period in the Properly Punctuated post “Period“.

Double-letter state names and measurements don’t use periods. U.S.A. can be written either way, although USA is becoming quite popular.

As a warning, this is NOT in any way, shape, or form a complete list. It’s merely a start. I keep adding to it as I have my own questions when I’m either editing someone’s manuscript or reports or reviewing a book.

You may also want to read the entry on the post in “Capitalization“.

Formatting Tips started . . .

. . . as my way of dealing with a professional frustration with words that should have been capitalized or italicized, in quotes or not, what should be spelled out and what can be abbreviated, proper styling for the Latin names of plants, the proper formatting and usage of titles and more in manuscripts I was editing as well as books I was reviewing. It evolved into a sharing of information with y’all. I’m hoping you’ll share with us any questions you’ve had on this subject that have been a bête noire for Abbreviations from either end.

If you found this post on “Abbreviations” interesting, consider subscribing to KD Did It, if you’d like to track this post for future updates.

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Abbreviation
Formatting:	Ave. – avenue B.A. – Bachelor of Arts B.S. – Bachelor of Science no. – number Ph.D. – doctor of philosophy
Definition: A shortened form of a word or words.
POST CONTENTS: BIBLE Bible Citations CALENDAR Circa Month Week Day Year Century A.D., B.C., B.C.E., C.E. Other Designations for Year Citation Pages ƒƒ Volume Geographic Country States (in the U.S.) County, Province Street Address Honorific Personal Honorific Foreign Personal Honorific French Italian Spanish Professional Title Honorable, the Reverend, the Measurement Name Plant Time Word ALL CAPS lowercase Latin Abbreviation Pluralizing Abbreviations
BIBLE	Rule: Abbreviate biblical books and use roman, not italics. Abbreviate rabbinic literature and use italics, not roman. Standard abbreviations for ancient textual versions and modern biblical editions are listed in The SBL Handbook of Style 2 §8.2.1. For additional abbreviations, check out Bible Book Abbreviations on Logos.com. You may also want to read the entry on the post in “Capitalization“.
Return to top or post contents	Abbreviate Don’t Abbreviate Chicago Manual of Style / Turabian: When citing a passage of scripture, include: The abbreviated name of the book, the chapter number, and the verse number — never a page number. Chapter and verse are separated by a colon. Examples: 1 Cor. 13:4, 15:12-19. Gn 1:1-2, 2:1-3. Jn 1:1-14. A parenthetical reference looks like: (1 Cor. 6-10 (New Revised Standard Version)) A footnote or endnote looks like: 1. Ps. 139:13-16 (NRSV) CMOS has a list of traditional and shorter abbreviations for the books of the Old Testament, Apocrypha, and New Testament as well as for versions and sections of the Bible. Do not abbreviate, italicize, or underline a book of the Bible in a sentence in your paper. Matthew is the first book of the New Testament. MLA: Uses abbreviations for in-text citations: End with an abbreviation of the book, the chapter, and verse(s) Ezekiel saw “what seemed to be four living creatures,” each with faces of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle (New Jerusalem Bible, Ezek. 1.5–10). Do not abbreviate: Use the full name of The Bible and italicize it Follow it with the version or specific edition you are using Authorized King James Version The New Oxford Annotated Version Oxford Style Guide/New Hart’s Rules: Bible OT Gen. (Old Testament Genesis) Bible NT Matt. (New Testament Matthew) Mishnah mBer. (??) Tosefta tBer. (??) Palestinian Talmud yBer. (??) Babylonian Talmud bBer. (??) SBL: Epistle, Epistula(e) ￫ Ep.
Bible Citations	Rule: When citing ancient textual versions and modern biblical editions, use the abbreviations listed in The SBL Handbook of Style 2 §8.2.1. Use small caps — not a smaller-size font of a capital letter — for these abbreviations.
Return to top or post contents	New Revised Standard Version NRSV Revised Standard Version RSV New International Version NIV New American Standard Bible NASB NAS NASU Septuagint LXX Masoretic Text MT Biblia Hebraica Quinta BHQ BH5 New King James Version NKJV
	Rule: If citing scripture from a single version, include the abbreviation of the version following the chapter and verse on the first scripture reference only. When citing more than one version in a paper, include the version after each citation.
	“Now Ahab had seventy sons in Samaria” (2 Kgs 10:1 NRSV).
	Rule: Abbreviate the book name if it is followed by a chapter number or a chapter:verse reference. If, however, a biblical book is the first word of the sentence, do not abbreviate it; spell out the number if the book starts with a numeral. SBLHS 2.7.2.
	Gen 1 Gen 1:24 Genesis First Esdras
	Rule: When referring to the book as a whole or a person with the same name as a biblical book, do not abbreviate it.
	In 2 Samuel 12, it records the prophet Nathan’s confrontation of King David. The identity of the author of the book of Hebrews is not certain. The King James Version of the Bible was originally published in 1611. They have all been contained in the books of Samuel, Kings, and Mark.
	Rule: Biblical citations should be followed by the version or translation notation, with no intervening parenthesis or punctuation. SBLHS 2 §8.3.3
	3 Kgdms 2:46h LXX 1 Kgs 2:46h LXX Jer 28:1–4 LXX Ps 80:8 (80:9 LXX) Prov 1:1 NRSV Prov 1:1 LXX Prov 1:1 MT
CALENDAR
Circa	c., ca., ca, cca., cir., circ. For more details, see “Ca., Circa“.
Return to top or post contents	It was built c. 1935. They believe he was born cir. 1185 B.C.. It is assumed that an earthquake destroyed the Great Temple ca 35 B.C..
Month	mo.
Return to top or post contents	Abbreviate Don’t Abbreviate AP: With a date: Abbreviate ONLY Jan., Feb., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., and Dec., i.e., Dec. 25 APA: Never abbreviate months that don’t have a date: I feel as if we missed January! Never abbreviate: March, April, May, June, or July. With a year only: Spell the entire month out, i.e., December 2014
	Chicago: Jan. Jan Ja May May My Sept. Sep S Feb. Feb F June Jun Je Oct. Oct O Mar. Mar Mr July Jul Jl Nov. Nov N Apr. Apr Ap Aug. Aug Ag Dec. Dec D
	MLA: Abbreviate Don’t Abbreviate Jan., Feb., Mar., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., and Dec. April, May, June, or July.
Week	wk.
Return to top or post contents	Abbreviate Don’t Abbreviate APA: Never abbreviate week.
Day
Return to top or post contents	Abbreviate Don’t Abbreviate AP: Abbreviate ONLY if being used with tabular data. APA: Never abbreviate days.
	Chicago: Sun. Sun Su Wed. Wed W Fri. Fri F Mon. Mon M Thurs. Thurs Th Sat. Sat Sa Tues. Tues Tu
Year	yr.
Return to top or post contents	Abbreviate Don’t Abbreviate APA: Never abbreviate year
Century	cent.
A.D., B.C., B.C.E., C.E.	Rules: Always, always, always capitalize the AD, BC, BCE, or CE.
Return to top or post contents	The periods: Use the periods. Or not. Just be consistent in whichever you choose. Size: Yes, the size is an issue, if you’re a staunch traditionalist. Practice has used a smaller font size for the AD or BC. Consistency is the key. Placement: AD 1868 45 BC At one point in history, the English decided to clean up their grammar and spelling and bring order. As they were enamored of Latin at the time, they followed Latin rules as closely as possible. Since A.D. was of Latin origin, they placed the A.D. in front of the year, i.e., AD 1640, AD 2019, AD 3. Since B.C. is not of Latin origin, the English slipped B.C. in behind the year, i.e., 33 BC, 190 BC, 1 BC (Anno). Because we’re lazy buggers, usage is beginning to shove the AD behind the year. Whichever you choose, be consistent.
	Before Christ, a.k.a., BC or B.C. Anno Domini, a.k.a., AD or A.D. Before Common/Christian/Current Era, a.k.a., BCE or B.C.E. Common/Christian/Current Era, a.k.a., CE or C.E. Definition: Designations used to label or number years used with the Julian and Gregorian calendars. This dating system was devised in 525, but was not widely used until after 800 (Anno). Before Christ, BC, denotes the years before the start of the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus of Nazareth. There is no year zero in this scheme, so the year AD 1 immediately follows the year 1 BC. Anno Domini is Medieval Latin, translated as In the year of the Lord, and as in the year of Our Lord, and is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus of Nazareth, with AD counting years from the start of this epoch. As part of the politically correct movement, there is an effort to deflect AD or BC into a more religious-neutral usage. Although how that’s supposed to happen when Christian is still part of the mix, I dunno… Then again, its usage is dependent upon when scholars originally believed Christ was born.
Other Designations for Years	NOTE: Some other sciences and religions use a different designation for years.
Return to top or post contents	Year Designation Abbrev. Defined Years Before the Present BP Used by archeologists to refer to radiocarbon dates with the base year set as 1950. Anno Hegirae AH Used by Muslims beginning in AD 622 when the Islamic Prophet Muhammed left his birthplace of Mecca to go to the city of Yathrib, where he established the first capital of the new Islamic religion, renaming it al-Medina (About.com). Calibrated Years Before the Present cal BP cal yr. BP Cal BP RCYBP Uses tree rings to get around the inconsistencies in radiocarbon dating. There are tons more abbreviations to refer to calibrated years before the present, including: C14 ka BP14C ka BP CYBP rcbp radiocarbon years c14 years before the present carbon-14 years before the present Buddha Era BE Begin with the traditional date of the Buddha’s Mahaparinibbana Death that is traditionally believed to have occurred in 543 BCE (Buddhist). million years ago mya Used by archeologists.
CITATION	Rules: Use arabic numerals except for front matter pages which use lowercase roman numerals. Uppercase roman numerals may be used to help distinguish between complex divisions. Set abbreviations in lowercase roman, end with a period, and do not use italics.
Return to top or post contents	Partial List of Common Citation Abbreviations
	Word Singular Plural act Use an arabic number appendix app. apps. article art. arts. book bk. bks. chapter c. (used in law citations) chap. chaps. clause cl. cls. division div. editor edited by edition ed. eds. and following ƒ ƒƒ figure fig. figs. lines (for a play) Use an arabic number Manuscript MS map map maps note n (used when no number follows) n. nn. no date n.d. no dates of publication n.d. no page n.p. no pagination n. pag. plural no place n.p. no publisher n.p. number no. nos. page p. pp. paragraph para. part pt. pts. plate pl. pls. revised rev. scene Use an arabic number section sec. secs. series ser. Supplement Suppl. table table tables translator trans. volume vol. vols.
Pages	p.; Plural: pp. Rule: If it’s obvious that the numerals are a range of pages, p. and pp. are not necessary. If you’ve been using them, keep using them (Chicago).
Return to top or post contents	You can find the clue on pp. 78–82. You can find the clue in Foxglove Summer on 78–82.
ƒƒ.	Definition: Abbreviation for the Latin, folio meaning, in this case, and following (a range of pages, paragraphs, chapters, etc.) is used to refer to the next page or pages in a citation. It’s a type of locating information when no ending page can be found. You cannot simply resort to this. You must make a concerted effort to find that final page number. Rule: In citation, use it to refer to a section for which no final number can usefully be given. If there is only one section following the first number, use ƒ. If there are several sections following, use ƒƒ. Form: ##ƒ. OR ##ƒƒ.
Return to top or post contents	349ƒ. = pages 349 to 350 349ƒƒ. = pages 349 to ???
Volume	vol. Rule: When a volume number is immediately followed by page numbers, neither is necessary AND a colon must be used to separate volume from pages (Chicago, 17.134). Form: vol.:pages
Return to top or post contents	Swisher, An Analysis of Dante’s Bocaccio 2:211. Encyclopædia Britannica, 32-vol.
GEOGRAPHIC
Country
Return to top or post contents	Abbreviate Don’t Abbreviate Associated Press Stylebook, The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage U.S. (periods, no space) Chicago: US (this was a recent change from U.S.) MLA: Eng. England It. Italy US United States Ger. Germany
State (in the U.S.)
Return to top or post contents	Abbreviate Don’t Abbreviate AP: Prefers the old-style two-, three-, four-, and five-letter abbreviations for U.S. states with only an initial cap: Ala., Calif., Colo., Okla., S.C., etc. When used with the name of a city: Cape Lookout, N.C., was hit by a hurricane last night. The wildfire began in California and moved east toward Carson City, Nev.			AP: Never abbreviate: Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Ohio, Texas, and Utah Never abbreviate the state when used alone: North Carolina was hit by Hurricane Arthur in July 2014.
Chicago, MLA: Use the two-letter postal codes: CA, AL, MT, WI, NY, etc.

County, Province

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MLA:
Use the two-letter postal codes for abbreviating the names of provinces:

AB, BC, MB, ON, QC, etc.

Street Address Rule: Avenue, boulevard, drive, and street are abbreviated only when used with a numbered address.

See capitalizing street directions or using numbers with street addresses for additional formatting tips on street addresses.

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Use Abbrev.	Spell It Out
She lives at 405 Main St.	She lives over on Main Street.

AP:
Rules: A numbered address always: Abbreviates and caps the compass point: north, south, east, and west Abbreviates and caps street, avenue, or boulevard Does not use a comma in addresses	Street names from First through Ninth are always spelled out and always capitalized. Spell out and cap alley, drive, road, etc.
Examples:
The haberdashery is located at 3809 W. Main St. The fire was at the corner of Ninth and West Main, but the water main broke at 14th and South Oak.	Send the bill to 4115 W. Fourth Ave. The parade will head down the boulevard. She lives over on Tree Alley. I think he said the address was 113493 Handsdown Drive. There is no such address as 718 S. Fifth St!
Chicago:
Abbreviates: Ave., Bldg., Blvd. , Ct., Dr., Expy., Hwy., La., Pkwy., Pl., POB, PO Box, Rd., Rm., RR, Rt., Rte., Sq., St., Ste., Terr.	Never abbreviate a compass point that is the street name or part of the street name. When a street name is used alone, spell it out.
Examples:
We’ll have to go over to 135th Ave.	No, I’m sure she said Southern Avenue. The menswear store is over on Forty-fifth. Did you say it was on Ninety-ninth? The parade will head down the boulevard. It’s at the end of the court.

HONORIFIC Credit to: Skillin, 117-120 Personal Honorific Rule: See Capitalization for rules on this.

NOTE: Most Commonwealth countries don’t use the period.

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Full Honorific	Full Plural	Abbrev. Honorific	Abbrev. Plural
Mister	Misters	Mr.	Messrs.
Mistress	Mesdames	Mrs.	Mmes.
Missus is dialectical for Mistress — and a lot easier to use as a title alone in a sentence!
		Ms.	Mses. Mss.
Miss	Misses
Master	Masters	Mstr.	Mstrs. (this one is rarely used)

Rule: Using in the second person, abbreviate it or spell it out, although it’s rare to spell Mistress in full unless it’s an historic usage. Hey, Mr. Gordon, you dropped your wallet!

Mrs. Smith is here to see you, Miss Jones.

Missus? The doctor will see you now.

It’s good to see you again, Miss Chalmers. Rule: Using in the fourth person, use the abbreviation and capitalize it. I saw Mr. Henry leave at noon.

Where did Mrs. Rumbleton go?

Will you bring Ms. Henley in, Mary? Rule: Using the title alone without a person’s name, spell it out and use lowercase. Look out for that car, mister!

I gotta bring the missus some flowers tonight.

It’s good to see you again, miss.

She’s a cute little miss.

The young master got in trouble at school again. Foreign Personal Honorific Rule: See Capitalization for rules on this. French NOTE: Some publishers skip the period after Mme and Mlle, but keep the period with M.; most American publishers keep the period for all.

Full Honorific	Full Plural	Abbrev. Honorific	Abbrev. Plural
Monsieur M’sieur	Messieurs	M.	Messrs.
Madame	Mesdames	Mme.	Mmes.
Mademoiselle	Mademoiselles mesdemoiselles	Mlle.	Mlles. Mles.

Rule: Using in the second person, spell it out. Monsieur D’Artagnan, are you one of the king’s musketeers?

Madame de Pompadour, you look lovely tonight.

Mademoiselle Lily, you make the most beautiful hats! Rule: Using in the fourth person, abbreviate before the name(s). M. D’Artagnan is one of Dumas’ Three Musketeers.

Mme. de Pompadour was a mistress of King Louis XV.

Mlle. Lily is a modiste of the first order. Rule: Using the title alone without a person’s name, spell it out and use lowercase. I believe monsieur is one of the king’s musketeers.

Has anyone seen madame?

The mademoiselle makes fashionable hats. Italian Rule: See the rules for abbreviating the French titles.

Full Honorific	Full Plural	Abbrev. Honorific	Abbrev. Plural
Signor	Signori	Sig.	Sigg.
Signora	Signore	Sig.ra	Sigg.re
Signorina	Signorine	Sig.na	Sigg.na

Spanish

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English	Full Honorific	Full Plural	Abbrev. Honorific	Abbrev. Plural
Mister	señor	señores	Sr.	Sres.
Mrs.	señora	señoras	Sra.	Sras.
Miss	señorita	señoritas	Srta. Srita.	Srtas. Sritas.
sir	Don	Dons	D.
lady	Doña	Doñas	Da Dña

Rule: When making a general reference, use the definite article.

Full Honorific with Article	Full Plural with Article
el señor	los señores
la señora	las señoras
la señorita	las señoritas

Rule: Using in the second person, spell it out. Señor Molina, are you coming to the book signing today?

I have brought you the blue you wanted, señora Kahlo.

Wait, Srita. Villegas, it’s raining outside. Rule: Using in the fourth person, include the definite article and abbreviate before the name(s). Winter in Lisbon is considered one of el señor Antonio Molina’s best works.

La señora Frida Kahlo is a famous artist from Mexico.

Known for singing American R&B, la señorita Jasmine Villegas is also referred to as Jasmine V. Rule: Using the title alone without a person’s name, spell it out and use lowercase. El señor is coming to the book signing today

La señora has run out of the blue she likes.

Las señoritas should take their umbrellas today; it’s raining outside. Professional Title Rule: When using within general text, spell it out. An exception would be for tabular matter. Never abbreviate when used with only the surname.

See Capitalization for rules on this.

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Gen. George Washington OR General Washington

Pres. Andrew Johnson OR President Johnson. Honorable, the
Reverend, the Definition: Technically, both are adjectives.

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Rule: When using the in front of Honorable or Reverend, spell it out and ALWAYS use a first name/initials with the surname. the Honorable C.S. Lewis
the Reverend F.R. Brimstone Rule: You may abbreviate when NOT using the. Hon. C.S. Lewis
Rev. F.R. Brimstone Measurement

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APA: Only abbreviate * units of measurement or statistical abbreviations if accompanied by numerical values: 7 mg 12 mi M = 7.5 You may have noticed there are no periods after the units of measurement. The one exception is inches, always use a period after in. to avoid confusion with in. * The general rule for writing out the full term followed by () for the abbreviation is not required for units of measurement.

MLA: Do not use periods after abbreviated units of measurement: mph ns os rpm

Name, Initials Rule: Whether the initials of a name have spaces between them or not, depends on the style guide and sometimes whether the medium is print or electronic.

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Spaces Between Initials	NO Spaces Between
	AP (p 142): NO spaces used between initials (to keep those initials from breaking across two lines in newspapers, on eReaders, or on web pages. George R.R. Martin G.A. Aiken J.R.R. Tolkien J.D. Robb
APA, MLA: Always use periods and spaces for a person’s initials: George R. R. Martin G. A. Aiken J. R. R. Tolkien J. D. Robb
Chicago: Always use periods and spaces for a person’s initials, EXCEPT To keep initials together (with space intact): Manually insert a line break before or after the set of initials — preferably before, to keep the entire name together Use a nonbreaking space between the letters	Initials alone without spaces or periods are used to refer to the person (8.4) FDR JFK LBJ No periods or spaces if entire name is abbreviated (10.12) Mary Jane ￫ MJ O.J. Simpson ￫ OJ Name abbreviated when part of a title (7.62) President O. Name is hyphenated (8.7) John-Paul Sartre ￫ J.-P. Sartre Certain special cases for pen name (14.73) Hilda Doolittle ￫ H.D. George William Russell ￫ Æ Erle Stanley Gardner ￫ A.A. Fair Never allow initials to be split across lines Always: G. A. Aiken, Never: G. A. Aiken

Plant Rule: The abbreviations f., hyb., sp., spp., and subsp. are never capitalized, italicized, or underlined.

See Genera and Species regarding rules of italicization.

See also the post “Taxonomy“.

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f.	family
hyb.	Used the same way as sp., but for a plant of hybrid origin for which the cultivar is unknown
sp.	Means the specific epithet of a particular species is unknown or unspecified
spp.	Refers to more than one species within a genus, known or unknown. It does not refer to more than one plant of a single species.
subsp.	subspecies

Rule: Similar to acronyms and initialisms, “when a plant is first mentioned, the entire botanical name must be listed.

Herb

Rule: A cultivar is treated as: Lavandula angustifolia ‘Munstead’ can be shortened to L. angustifolia ‘Munstead’ after the first mention, or even just to ‘Munstead’.

In the same article, another cultivar of Lavandula angustifolia can be referred to as L. angustifolia ‘Hidcote’ upon first mention and after that as just ‘Hidcote’. Rule: A variety or specific epithet must never stand alone: Salvia leucantha blooms late in the summer, and so does Salvia elegans.

The flowers of S. leucantha are vivid purple while those of S. elegans are red. Time

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AP: a.m. p.m. Always use figures, with a space between the time and the a.m. or p.m.: By 6:30 a.m. she was long gone. If it’s an exact hour, no “:00″ is required: It’s 10 p.m.! If a time range is entirely in the morning or evening, use a.m. or p.m. only once: It takes place between 6:30–10 p.m. If it goes from the morning into the evening (or vice versa), you need both: The invite says 10 a.m.–2 p.m.

Chicago: a.m. p.m. Always use figures, with a space between the time and the a.m. or p.m.: 8:30 a.m. 10:52 p.m. Always use noon for 12 p.m. Always use midnight for 12 a.m.

MLA: sec. min. hr. a.m. p.m. noon = 12:00 p.m. midnight = 12:00 a.m.

WORD ALL CAPS

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ALL CAPS	Exceptions
APA, MLA: Do not use periods or spaces: APA CD DVD HTML	APA: Do Not use United States as an adjective; use U.S. instead: U.S. Marines U.S. Senator

lowercase

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lowercase	Exceptions
MLA: If the abbreviation ends in a lowercase letter, use a period: assn. conf. Eng. esp. Degree names do not use a period: Phd EdD PsyD	MLA: Internet suffix uses a period before the abbreviation: .com .edu .gov

Latin Abbreviation

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lowercase	Exceptions
APA: If using a Latin or reference abbreviation, use a period: etc. e.g. a.m. Vol. 7 p. 12, 4th ed.
MLA: Letters which represent a word in a common lowercase abbreviation:
a.m. ante meridiem e.g. exempli gratia i.e. id est

Pluralizing Abbreviations

Word	Singular	Plural
manuscript	MS	MSS
note	n.	nn.
pages	p.	pp.

APA:
Do NOT use an apostrophe or italicize the s to form a plural of an abbreviation.

Eds.
IQs
vols.

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C’mon, get it out of your system, bitch, whine, moan . . . which words are your pet peeves? Also, please note that I try to be as accurate as I can, but mistakes happen or I miss something. Email me if you find errors, so I can fix them . . . and we’ll all benefit!

Satisfy your curiosity about other Formatting Tips by exploring its homepage or more generally explore the index of self-editing posts. You may also want to explore Book Layout & Formatting Ideas, Formatting Tips, Grammar Explanations, Linguistics, Publishing Tips, the Properly Punctuated, Word Confusions, Writing Ideas and Resources, and Working Your Website.

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Resources for Abbreviations

Some of these links may be affiliate links, and I will earn a small percentage, if you should buy it. It does not affect the price you pay.

“Anno Domini.” Wikipedia. Last modified 5 Jan 2024 Web. n.d. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini>.

“Bible Book Abbreviations.” Logos.com. Faithlife. n.d. Web. n.d. <https://www.logos.com/bible-book-abbreviations> is useful for additional abbreviations.

“Buddhist Calendar.” Astral Traveler. n.d. Web. n.d. <http://www.astraltraveler.com/calendars/buddhist.html>.

Chicago Manual of Style. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. Print. 17.134.

Griffin, Kenna. “Using Abbreviations in Your Writing.” College Media Association. n.d. Web. n.d. <http://www.collegemedia.org/gallery/featured/article_e450fe3a-ecc9-11e3-8bc1-0017a43b2370.html>. It’s an interesting article which points out ways to get around similar acronyms when you’re writing as well as tricks to avoid the alphabet soup look.

Herb Society of America. n.d. Web. n.d. <http://www.herbsociety.org/>.

Kille, Leighton Walter. “Associated Press Style Basics: The basics of Associated Press style from Boston University’s College of Communications.” The Journalist’s Resource. 7 May 2009. Web. 18 Oct 2021. <https://journalistsresource.org/home/ap-style-basics/>.

Nogalski, Melanie Greer, James D. Nogalski, Sophia G. Steibel, and Danny M. West. Joel M. LeMon and Brennan W. Breed, eds. Student Supplement for The SBL Handbook of Style. 2nd ed. SBL Press, February 2015. <https://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/pubs/SBLHSsupp2015-02.pdf>.

Skillin, Marjorie E., Robert M. Gay, and other authorities. Words into Type. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1974. Third edition. Print.

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Pinterest Photo Credits

My own work.

Revised as of 30 Oct 2024
By: Kathy Davie