Publishing: Understanding Licensing

Posted September 13, 2018 by Kathy Davie in Author Resources, Publishing

Revised as of
5 Oct 2023


Pinterest pin for Understanding Licensing

Formerly titled “Get Permissions”.

I’m assuming you’re not interested in getting sued for using someone’s image(s).

I’m not either, hence this post on understanding the licensing for that image(s) (Work) you want to use for the cover of your book, as a graphic in a slideshow or an illustration in your book, to promote your book, and on and on. You know the myriad ways* in which you want to use a graphic!

* Creative Commons Australia has a great post that includes tips on how to provide attribution for different media besides hard copy or eWork, i.e., slideshows, film, and podcasts.

There’s a lot to cover:

Post Contents:

  • Software Licenses
  • Resources for Licensing Permissions
  • Pinterest Photo Credits

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    Permission??

    I know you know that nothing is free, well, except for those amazing photographers who are willing to share their Work — and I thank you all SO VERY MUCH!

    And there are photographers who put some restrictions on their Work, but most simply request attribution. Yes, there are photographers who keep all rights reserved, and that is their choice. And probably a source of their livelihood! So respect what the original Creator of the Work wants! And, yes, I feel your pain when that fab image is so exactly what would suit!

    I will say that the vast majority of the creators have granted permission for me to use their Work, and I thank them so very much!

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    So, Attribution . . .

    I am not a lawyer; I’m a user. Jeez, that sounds bad, doesn’t it? Yet it’s true, as I do make use of other artists’ Work for the graphics I use in the Word Confusions, Grammar Explanations, Formatting Tips, and the Properly Punctuated posts. I struggled and scrambled, trying to do the proper accreditation, etc., but it was so confusing!! Hence this post, to help myself and you.

    You want, nay, you need, to protect yourself and the artists from whom you “borrow” your graphics by understanding the different licensing allowances and how to give credit to the source who created the graphic. And save yourself from being sued!

    Attribution is giving credit to the original Artist who created the Work, think of attribution as a label or caption. And not just the original Artist, either. If someone uploaded it to the Internet, include them in the attribution. If someone tweaked the image, include the information on how they tweaked the image as well as their name(s). If you tweak the image, you must include how you changed the image — resized, cropped, transparency, color, derivative, etc.

    • You can go into detail: (cropped), gave it a 47% transparency, etc., or
    • State “This Work is a derivative of…” and attribute the original Work as you would normally, or
    • If your Work incorporates a number of derivative Works, you might say, “This Work includes material from the following…” and list each original Work.

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    The rules for how much information the attribution must display has changed as time has gone by. BUT. These artists are giving you this wonderful image that suits your needs so well, and these are the basic requirements you should include*:

    1. Credit to the Artist, Author, licensor and/or other parties (such as a wiki or journal, uploader) in the manner they specify **
    2. Keep intact any original copyright, patent, or trademark notices for the Work
    3. Include the title of the Work ***
    4. Include the URL where you found the Work
    5. Include the license information AND a link to where the attribution information may be found ****
    6. If you have changed the Work, identity those changes
    7. Let the licensor/rights holder/creator know you are using their image, by sending them an email or commenting on the image and/or providing them with the link to your image. It’s a nice thing to do.

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    * There can be more “required includes” depending upon which license the Original Artist is using.

    ** Some Creators have a preference for the name you use for them, i.e., their username OR their real name. A good tip-off, if there is a note “in the manner specified by the artist”. That means you should follow their rule; there should be a link that tells you what they want. In general, click on their username and it should take you to their About page and/or their Profile page. Sometimes they have their real names there, sometimes not.

    *** Prior to CC BY 4.0, you had to include the title of the Work; with 4.0, you may choose not to, but it is suggested (and it would be a polite thank you).

    **** You can list:

    • The license name in full, e.g., Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial Australia 2.5
    • Use the abbreviated form of the license, e.g., CC BY-NC Aus 2.5
    • Use the license image

      • This is so other people know that you (and they) have permission to use the Work and under what conditions.

      Yep, there are a ton, okay, okay, so there are only some 16,00… under twenty (with variations) license types set out by Creative Commons (CC), a licensing organization that has worked with a variety of jurisdictions and countries to craft six basic categories of licenses that comply with everyone’s different copyright laws; Europeana, which includes another eight for EU-based Works through libraries, archives, museums, galleries, and audio-visual collections; and, a few other assorted organizations.

      Each succeeding version of one of those categories incorporates a change — that have improved enough to better adhere to the copyright laws all over the world by the time they got to the 4.0 versions.

      Keep in mind that none of these licenses take the place of the copyright, which is “all rights reserved”; the CC license is more of a “some rights reserved” and a comprehensive tool that tells you how you can use the Original Artist’s Work.

      Additionally, any changes you make to the Work may not suggest that the Creator endorses you or your use. This is a BIGGIE. Nor can you “apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the original license permits”. This means that if you choose to use that Work, anyone further down the line who wants to use the image you created from the original Work can use it under the original licensing terms, i.e., if it’s in the public domain, so is yours. Nor can you change the licensing terms. At all. If you don’t like that. Create your own original.

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      Creative Commons-Australia

      • Film:
        • Attribute the Work when it appears on screen during the film, or
        • Attribute the Work in the credits, like music credits in a commercial film
      • Podcast:
        • In the podcast, mention the Artist’s name and the CC license it’s under, then
        • Provide full attribution on your website, next to the podcast information
      • Slideshow:
        • Place attribution next to the Work or as a footer along the bottom of the Work on each slide that the Work appears on, and/or
        • Include a “credits” slide at the end of the show, that lists all the materials used and their attribution details

      The Medium of the Work Can Create Issues

      “CC licenses allow for flexibility in the way credit is provided, depending on the medium, means, and context in which a licensee [you] is redistributing licensed material. For example, providing attribution to the Creator when using licensed material in a blog post may be different than doing so in a video remix. This flexibility facilitates compliance by licensees and reduces uncertainty about different types of reuse—minimizing the risk that overly onerous and inflexible attribution requirements are simply disregarded.”

      To use a CC license in a hardcopy (offline), “such as in a book or as part of an exhibition, or where you think people are likely to want to print the Work, you should follow the same principles by providing the Creator’s name, title of the Work, the license it is under, and the source where you got it from, remembering that for offline Works, it is a good idea to spell out the license type and any URLs in full.

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      In Real Life, How Do You Organize Attribution?

      I kept reading all this advice about what had to be included, and I couldn’t figure out how to organize the information for attribution for the longest time. I tried to find information on what they all meant, and it took some time.

      The truth is, that as long as you include the minimum above (and heed the rules of that license), you’re good. It doesn’t really matter how you write it down or in what order. Just include it!

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      Kathy’s Template

      Being a writer (and editor!), I like an easy-to-read sentence, so the “template” for my attribution is:

      TITLE by ARTIST is under the LICENSE license, via SOURCE. The image was CHANGES? in software.

      Blue is the link.
      Orange is whatever changes I made.
      Fuchsia is the name of the software I used to tweak the photos.

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      Attribution Generator

      That said, the Attribution Generator is a simple tool (a generator) for anyone to copy and paste the correct attribution for any CC licensed Work. These tools will query the metadata around a CC-licensed object and produce a properly formatted attribution that users can copy and paste wherever they need to.

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      Creative Commons Labs

      Creative Commons Labs provides an example for attribution formatting and generating metadata.


      Creative Commons License
      Metadata Lab by CC Labs is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at labs.creativecommons.org.

      Vivian and the Giant Fish by Alan Bruce, available under a Creative Commons Attribution Licence 2.0 at http://www.flickr.com/ photos/qole/2284384975

      If you want to use the license badges, CC Australia provides a couple of examples:

      Attribution Using a CC License Button

      Visual of the CC BY icon Unlocking the Potential Through Creative Commons
      (http://creativecommons.org.au/unlockingthepotential) Elliott Bledsoe et al, published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation.
      Unlocking the Potential Through Creative Commons
      (http://creativecommons.org.au/unlockingthepotential) Elliott Bledsoe et al, published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation.

      For hard copy print, CC Australia provides several examples:

      Full Attribution

      Unlocking the Potential Through Creative Commons: An industry engagement and action agenda by Elliott Bledsoe, Jessica Coates and Brian Fitzgerald. Published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation. Available under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia licence. For more information see http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/2.5/au. Available at <http://creativecommons.org.au/unlockingthepotential>.

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      Abbreviated Attribution

      Elliott Bledsoe et al, Unlocking the Potential Through Creative Commons (http://creativecommons.org.au/unlockingthepotential). Published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation. Creative Commons BY 2.5 Aus.

      CC does provide badges (in one or more sizes) you can use for everything from the standard rectangles for license badges and public domain badges. There are some rather odd-looking round “badges” with an icon in the middle on Icons for use in your website or web platforms that primarily allow you to change the background colors. There is also a page of badges in SVG, EPS, and PNG formats that CC recommends be used for print publications (this is the quickest access to any badge images).

      Pooling Ideas over at Creative Commons Australia has a unique approach to crediting images in their post “Attributing Creative Commons Materials, which you may enjoy exploring — and getting more interesting ideas.

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      How the Big 4 Compare to Each Other
      Creative Commons Europeana Flickr GNU/GFDL
      Public Domain Dedication and Certification,
      superseded by
      Public Domain Mark       		Public Domain Mark (Europeana) All the Creative Commons licenses can apply although the default for a photographer singing on to Flickr is for All Rights Reserverd
      NoC-NC
      NoC-OKLR
      No Known Restrictions No Known Copyright Restriction (Flickr)
      Copyright-Only Dedication (CC-retired)
      CC0̷ & CC0̷ 1.0
      no rights reserved      		 Universal Public Domain Dedication (CC0̷)
      Creative Commons CC0̷ 1.0      		 Public Domain Dedication (CC0̷)
      CC BY CC BY Attribution
      CC BY-SA CC BY-SA CC Attribution-ShareAlike GNU Free Documentation License v1.3
      Sometimes under a dual license with CC BY-SA.
      CC BY-ND CC BY-ND Attribution NoDerivs
      CC BY-NC 1.0 CC BY-NC Attribution-NonCommercial
      CC BY-NC-SA CC BY-NC-SA Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
      CC BY-NC-ND CC BY-NC-ND Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs
      United States Government Works
      InC
      InC-EDU
      InC-EU-OW
      CNE
      All Rights Reserved

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      Other Rights Issues

      There are two types of federally protected rights under copyright:

      1. Economic rights, which allow the person who owns the rights to make money from the use of their Works by others
      2. Moral rights, which protect the non-economic interests of the Author:
        • The right to claim authorship of a Work
        • The right to oppose changes to a Work that could harm the Creator’s reputation
        • Right to Integrity requires that you do not distort, dismember, or misrepresent the Work, as it mistreats an expression of the artist’s personality, affects their artistic identity, personality and honor, and thus impairs a legally protected personality interest. France and Germany do not require that the modification be detrimental to the Author’s honor or reputation to qualify as a violation of the right.

          The Artist can make changes in their own Work and/or give permission for others to make changes.

        • Subsidiary rights include the right to:
          • Create a Work
          • Publish a Work
          • Withdraw a published Work from sale
          • Prevent “excessive” criticism of a Work
          • Prevent any other violation of the Author’s personality

      Other rights (that are the subject of state law ((varies from state to state)), not federal) include privacy and publicity rights that protect the interests of the person or people who may be the subject of the Work or intellectual creation, and can include:

    • A researcher who contemplates the use of letters, diary entries, photographs, or reportage in visual, audio, and print formats found in library collections
    • Subject’s, sitter’s, or model’s rights require a release signed by the photographer or creator. If no such formal release exists, you must seek permission from the subject of the photograph because the subject has retained both privacy and publicity rights in the use of their likeness:
      • Privacy right-wise, the subject’s likeness cannot be put in the public eye without their consent, as they have the right to be left alone
      • Publicity right-wise, a.k.a. personality rights, the subject’s image may not be commercially exploited without their consent and potentially . . . compensation

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    In general a person’s right to privacy generally ends when the individual dies. However, if the individual is a celebrity, i.e., famous authors, musicians, actors, photographers, politicians, sports figures, and other public figures, then their image continues to hold value and there are estates and representatives who continue to control and license the uses of those figures’ names, likenesses, etc.

    Be very careful to not use such an image to reflect ridicule or present the subject in a libelous manner. Celebrities have the right to control the commercial use of their image (likeness, voice, signature, etc.). This principle recognizes that a celebrity’s image can be an asset in trade (Library of Congress).

    While most licensors agree to waive or not assert many of these rights, if you want to use the Work outside the scope of the license, you may need to get permission from the subject.

    Since you’re likely to see mention of patent and trademark rights,

    • Trademark (or service mark) rights protects brand names and logos used on goods and services
      • Common law [trademark] rights exist in their particular geographic location
    • Patent rights protect an invention

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    Remixing the Original Work

    If you change the original Work in any way, such as cropping the Work, changing the colors, or replacing words, you will be creating a “derivative Work” of the original. You should always attribute the original Work in any derivative Work and identify that changes have been made to it.

    Often the simplest way to do this is to use the phrase “This Work is a derivative of…” and attribute the original Work as you would normally. If your Work incorporates a number of derivative Works, you might say, “This Work includes material from the following…” and list each original Work.

    Additionally, creative Works sometimes incorporate Works owned by others (known as “third party content”), often used pursuant to a CC license or under an exception or limitation to copyright such as fair use in the US You should make sure you have permission to use any third party content contained in the Work you want to use, or that your use is otherwise allowed under the laws of your jurisdiction, particularly in cases such as fair use where your right to use the content depends on the particular context in which you plan to use it.

    All CC licenses contain a disclaimer of warranties, meaning that the licensor is not guaranteeing anything about the Work, including whether she owns the copyright, has received permission to include third-party content within her Work, or secured other rights such as through the use of model releases if a person’s image is used in the Work. You may wish to obtain legal advice before using CC-licensed material if you are not sure whether you have all the rights you need.

    At a minimum, set up the credits for the images you use any way you like, provided you notify readers of the type of license with a link to the source of the graphic.

    That said, there are restrictions as to how you can use an image based on the different licenses.

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    Can’t Find Attribution Info?

    Too many sites use images that have no attribution, and how do you find an image so you can properly attribute the Artist? Well, ta-dah, Google Reverse Image Search allows you to search for (and fact check!) images and identify people or locations in an image.

    1. Start with <https://images.google.com/>
    2. Click the camera icon
    3. Choose a tab:
      1. Paste Image URL – type in or paste the URL for the image
      2. Upload an Image – either drag the image into the search bar or upload it from your computer

    Chrome will allow you to right-click on an image you find and choose Search Google for Image to find the same sorts of information.

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    The Rules are Always Changing

    As of 2016, the title of the Work is no longer required, as many Works do not have titles. Users are still encouraged to include titles where supplied.

    Note any modifications you make to the Work, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened in Photoshop”, etc.

    Being able to use (and continue to use) the Work depends upon your:

    1. Giving appropriate credit
    2. Including a link to the license
    3. Noting any changes you made
    4. Include a link where the Work is hosted
    5. NEVER implying that the Creator/licensor endorses you or your use
    6. NOT legally restricting others using your “new” image under the same rules as the license permits, i.e., Do NOT apply legal terms or technological measures that prevent others down the line from using it

    If you breach these rules, your right to use the Work terminates, and with 4.0, you have 30 days after discovering the violation to fix it. The license will then be automatically reinstated. In 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0, you’ll have to contact the licensor to regain the right to use the Work.

    The following interpretation is from the perspective of the writer doing the “borrowing”.

    Keep in mind that you cannot waive rights to a Work that you do not own unless you have permission from the owner. To avoid infringing third party rights, you should consult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you have all the rights you need to distribute the Work.

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    Who, What, is the Creative Commons

    The Creative Commons is an American independent organization which “helps you legally share your knowledge and creativity to build a more equitable, accessible, and innovative world[, providing] free, easy-to-use copyright licenses to make a simple and standardized way to give the public permission to share and use [the] creative Work [of others]”.

    LEGAL NOTICE: The following is my interpretation of the Creative Commons licenses and is not to be considered legal advice. Links to the Commons Deed and the more extensive, all-encompassing LEGAL CODE for each license is included for truly accurate information.

    Any image you use can be used by anyone viewing it later under the same rules, i.e., if you can run riot with the image and do anything you like with it, then someone else can take your “image” and run riot with it too.

    Trademark and patent rights are NOT among the rights licensed in any license version.

    WARNING: Other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material (see Other Rights Issues).

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    Background on the Creative Commons (CC)

    The first Creative Commons licenses — CC BY 1.0, 2.0, and 2.5 — were released in December 2002 and based on US copyright law. They were referred to as the generic license because the license did not identify a specific jurisdiction or governing law to apply to the interpretation of the license.

    Towards the end of 2003, Creative Commons realized the licenses needed to include the copyright laws of other countries, i.e., internationalization. CC chose to port (create) generic licenses to address different jurisdictions and/or countries around the world.

    There were two problems that arose that resulted in:

    1. The generic licenses being spun off into a US license (the generics were originally based on US law)
    2. The generic licenses were re-crafted to use the language of the international intellectual property treaties instead of only US copyright law

    Ported versions of the generic 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 were re-crafted based on the international license suite and modified to reflect local nuances in the expression of legal terms and conditions, drafting protocols, and language and including the language of the international intellectual property treaties instead of only US copyright law for other jurisdictions and/or countries.

    To address this issue, Creative Commons asked its affiliates to translate the various licenses to reflect local laws in a process called porting.

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    Details on the Different Licenses

    NOTE: There are seeming contradictions in the COMMONS DEED of different Creative Commons licenses. For the nitty-gritty, read the LEGAL CODE.

    Creative Commons Public Domain Licenses

    There are/were four versions: the retired public domain dedication and certification, the questionable no known copyright, public domain, and no rights reserved.

    PDDC
    Public Domain Dedication and Certification COMMONS DEED
    Superseded by the public domain mark, which indicates the Work is totally free of any copyright throughout the world, and/or the CC0̷, which indicates the Work is mostly free, but copyright laws in some countries still protect it.
    A.k.a. Public Domain Certification

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    Public Domain Mark
    Visual of the CC BY icon
    PDM
    PDM 1.0    		 COMMONS DEED
    NOTE: The Public Domain Mark has replaced Public Domain Dedication and Certification (PDDC) and Public Domain Mark 1.0 is the latest version of PDM.

    Rule: The Work is free of any copyright, including all related and neighboring rights.

    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means
    • Provide credit or attribution because it’s a nice thing to do
    • Apply a PDM to a Work IF that Work is already free of known copyright restrictions throughout the world

    Rights issues may include:

    • Patent or trademark rights and publicity or privacy rights.
    • Moral rights of the Author, in some jurisdictions, may persist beyond the term of copyright. These rights may include the right to be identified as the Author and the right to object to derogatory treatments.

    Unless expressly stated otherwise, the person who identified the Work makes no warranties about the Work, and disclaims liability for all uses of the Work, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law.

    A.k.a. public domain mark, no copyright, no known copyright, public domain mark 1.0

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    No Known Restrictions
    No Known Restrictions Library of Congress (LOC)
    “Photographs can be difficult to analyze under copyright law, not only because laws around the world differ with respect to scope and duration of protection, but because the photographs themselves often lack credit lines, dates, and other identifying information.

    “Libraries, museums and other cultural institutions have a great deal of experience with photographs because they frequently collect, preserve, document, and study them in accordance with their nonprofit missions. However, in many instances, a cultural institution will not be the rights holder under copyright law. Therefore, it can neither grant permission to others who wish to use a photograph nor provide a guarantee that the photograph is in the public domain.”

    There might be some copyright restrictions, but the [typically an] institution doesn’t know if a copyright or another restriction exists. And such a copyright could exist, which means you could be sued for copyright infringement.

    NOTE: This is a general rule and not a specific Creative Commons license.

    Rule: Per the LOC*:

    1. There was a copyright, and it was not renewed, i.e., it expired.
    2. The image is from a late 19th or early 20th century collection [1923 or earlier] for which there is no evidence of any rights holder:
      1. There are no copyright markings or other indications on the images to indicate that they were copyrighted or otherwise restricted, AND
      2. The records of the US Copyright Office do not indicate any copyright registration, AND
      3. The acquisition paperwork for the collection does not contain any evidence of any restrictions, AND
      4. Images from the collection have been used and published extensively without anyone stepping forward to claim rights
      5. Or the copyright was injected into the public domain for other reasons, such as failure to adhere to required formalities or conditions
      6. The institution owns the copyright but is not interested in exercising control, or
      7. The institution has legal rights sufficient to authorize others to use the Work without restrictions — be sure to verify this!

    * Flickr allows photographs under the “no known copyright restrictions“, IF the cultural institution has reasonably concluded that a photograph is free of copyright restrictions.

    You must:

    • Conduct an independent analysis of applicable law before proceeding with a particular new use.

    The institution:

    • Does not provide an expressed or implied warranty to others who would like to use or reproduce the photograph

    The LOC also notes that “these facts do not mean the image is in the public domain, but do indicate that no evidence has been found to show that restrictions apply.”

    So, play it safe. Either contact the original source to confirm the date, get permission if there is a copyright, or don’t use it.

    Flicker.com has a slightly different take on this at “About the Rights“, partly I think, because Flicker doesn’t allow a public domain option.

    A.k.a. no known copyright restrictions, no known copyright

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    Copyright-Only Dedication
    Copyright-Only Dedication COMMONS DEED
    NOTE: Creative Commons has retired this legal tool and does not recommend that it be applied to Works.

    Rule: This version is based strictly on United States law and does not take into account copyright law in other countries.

    The Work must be “free of known copyright around the world and is not recommended for use with Works that are in the public domain in some jurisdictions, if they also known to be restricted by copyright in others.”

    A.k.a. public domain certification

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    CC0̷ “No Rights Reserved
    Visual of the CC0̷ icon
    CC0̷    		 COMMONS DEED CC0̷
    COMMONS DEED CC0̷ 1.0     		LEGAL CODE
    NOTE: The CC0̷ has replaced Public Domain Dedication and Certification and CC0̷ 1.0̷ is the latest version of CC0̷, as of 2018.

    NOTE: If the Work is already in the public domain worldwide, use the Public Domain Mark for such Works.

    There is conflicting information all over the Internet about CC0̷ versus public domain, I think what it boils down to is that because the rights holder is still alive and copyright would be in effect “somewhere”, then they use CC0̷.

    Approved for Free Cultural Works.

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation
    • Title is required for proper attribution
    • Provide a link where the Work is hosted

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Does not address moral rights of authors.

    The protection of trademark and patent rights is implied.

    A.k.a. no rights reserved, no copyright, public domain dedication

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    Creative Commons General Categories

    The following are a core suite of six international copyright licenses. Early in CC history, these were referred to as unported and meant that each license was drafted based on various international treaties and took into account as many jurisdiction-specific legal issues as possible.

    A ported license (versions 3.0 and earlier) is more specifically based on the local nuances in the expression of legal terms and conditions, drafting protocols, and language that usually correspond to countries, but not always. A ported license will have two letters following the version number, i.e., BR is Brazil, NO is Norway, FR is France, DE is Germany, AUS is Australia, etc.

    Those licenses labeled generic include versions 1.0, 2.0, and 2.5 and were drafted to conform with US copyright law.

    The aim of CC is to make sure all the licenses Work globally, so that anyone anywhere in the world can share their Work on globally standard terms. To that end, the latest version, CC BY 4.0, has been drafted with particular attention to the needs of international enforceability.

    CC Attribution-
    Visual of the CC BY icon

    CC BY    		 COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    NOTE: CC BY 4.0 has replaced all the CC BY licenses, but earlier versions are not automatically updated to 4.0.

    The most accommodating of licenses offered.

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Make technical modifications necessary for you to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law
    • May be legally required to collect royalties in those jurisdictions in which any statutory or compulsory licensing scheme cannot be waived, i.e., a Non-waivable Compulsory License Scheme [as of July 2018, the EU is considering such a scheme]

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Does not address moral rights of authors.

    The protection of trademark and patent rights is implied.

    The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.

    A.k.a. CC Attribution-Generic

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    Attribution 1.0 Generic (Unported)
    CC BY 1.0 COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    NOTE: The CC BY 1.0 has been replaced with CC BY 4.0 as of February 2018.

    Conforms to US copyright laws.

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Make technical modifications necessary for you to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation

    If supplied, you must include:

    • There is no link requirement for the Work
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work
    • Credit the Original Author/Artist, reasonable to the medium or means and if the name is supplied

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law
    • May be legally required to collect royalties in those jurisdictions in which any statutory or compulsory licensing scheme cannot be waived, i.e., a Non-waivable Compulsory License Scheme [as of July 2018, the EU is considering such a scheme]

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Does not address moral rights of authors.

    The protection of trademark and patent rights is implied.

    The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.

    A.k.a. CC Attribution 1.0

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    Attribution 2.0 Generic (Unported)
    CC BY 2.0 COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    NOTE: This CC BY 2.0 license has been replaced with CC BY 4.0 as of February 2018..

    Conforms to US copyright laws.

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Does not address moral rights of authors.

    The protection of trademark and patent rights is implied.
    A.k.a. CC Attribution 2.0, CC Attribution 2.0 – Unported, Attribution 2.0 Generic – Unported

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    Attribution 2.5 Generic (Unported)
    CC BY 2.5 COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    NOTE: The CC BY 2.5 has been replaced with CC BY 4.0 as of February 2018.

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation

    If supplied, you must include:

    • Provide a link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable; it is required if the Work contains copyright notices or licensing information
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Does not address moral rights of authors.

    The protection of trademark and patent rights is implied.

    A.k.a. CC Attribution 2.5

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    Attribution 3.0 Unported
    CC BY 3.0 COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    After 2010, CC BY 3.0 licenses were re-branded as the international licenses and are intended to function without adjustment in all jurisdictions around the world.

    Changes:

    • Ensures “that all CC jurisdiction licenses and the CC international/unported license have consistent, express treatment of the issues of moral rights and collecting society royalties (subject to national differences)
    • Users “must not distort, mutilate, modify, or take other derogatory action in relation to the Work which would be prejudicial to the Original Author’s honor or reputation.”
      • “The only exception is in those jurisdictions, e.g., Japan, in which any exercise of the right granted in Section 3(b) of this License (the right to make Adaptations) would be deemed to be a distortion, mutilation, modification or other derogatory action prejudicial to the Original Author’s honor and reputation, the Licensor will waive or not assert, as appropriate, this Section, to the fullest extent permitted by the applicable national law, to enable You to reasonably exercise Your right under Section 3(b) of this License (right to make Adaptations) but not otherwise.”

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable; it is required if the Work contains copyright notices or licensing information
    • Copyright notice, unless you request otherwise of the licensor
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law
    • May be legally required to collect royalties in those jurisdictions in which any statutory or compulsory licensing scheme cannot be waived, i.e., a Non-waivable Compulsory License Scheme [as of July 2018, the EU is considering such a scheme]

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Does not address moral rights of authors.

    While the protection of trademark and patent rights is implied, the licensor may expressly waive rights to enforce, and grants permission to circumvent, technological protection measures.

    A.k.a. international (unported) license, Attribution 3.0 Unported

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    Attribution 3.0 United States
    CC BY 3.0 US COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    CC BY 3.0 separates the “generic” license versions (1.0, 2.0, and 2.5) to create the unported US license version, CC BY 3.0 US.

    Approved for Free Cultural Works.

    Rule: See CC BY 3.0.

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    Attribution 3.0 Brazil
    CC BY 3.0 BR COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE in Portuguese
    This is a ported license, as it focuses more tightly on copyright laws in Brazil or its jurisdiction.

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use and expressly states that receiving permission from the licensor/rights holder does not imply their endorsement of how you’re using their Work
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation

    If supplied, you must include:

    • Requires a link if the Work contains copyright notices or licensing information
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Does not address moral rights of authors.

    While the protection of trademark and patent rights is implied, the licensor may expressly waive rights to enforce, and grants permission to circumvent, technological protection measures.

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    Attribution 3.0 Norway
    CC BY 3.0 NO COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE is in Norwegian
    This is a ported license, as it focuses more tightly on copyright laws in Norway or its jurisdiction.

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use and expressly states that receiving permission from the licensor/rights holder does not imply their endorsement of how you’re using their Work
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation

    If supplied, you must include:

    • Requires a link if the Work contains copyright notices or licensing information
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Does not address moral rights of authors.

    While the protection of trademark and patent rights is implied, the licensor may expressly waive rights to enforce, and grants permission to circumvent, technological protection measures.

    Particular differences between the CC BY-SA 3.0 NO and CC BY-SA 3.0 are covered in the LEGAL CODE.

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    Attribution 4.0 International Public License
    CC BY 4.0 COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    NOTE: The 4.0 license has replaced all preceding generic licenses as of February 2018 and is intended to function without adjustment in all jurisdictions around the world.

    Approved for Free Cultural Works

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use and expressly states that receiving permission from the licensor/rights holder does not imply their endorsement of how you’re using their Work
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link for proper attribution, regardless of copyright notices or licensing information, if it is reasonably practicable to include*
    • Copyright notice *
    • Title of the Work, although it is no longer required
    • Give credit to any others designated/mentioned/supplied by the licensor/rights holder

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law

    Expressly grants you permission to incorporate technological measures that legally restricts others from using “your” image, IF the licensor/rights holder gives you an explicit waiver of or agrees not to assert any right the licensor may otherwise have.

    Expressly states moral rights, such as the right of integrity, publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights are not licensed; however, to the extent possible, the licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow you to exercise the licensed rights, but not otherwise.

    Expressly states trademark and patent rights are not among the rights licensed.

    To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties.

    * If requested by the licensor, you must remove this information to the extent reasonably practicable.

    A.k.a. CC Attribution 4.0, Attribution 4.0 International

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    -ShareAlike
    -ShareAlike 1.0 Generic
    Visual of the CC BY icon
    CC BY-SA    		 COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    This is the primary license preferred by Wikipedia, which recommends it for materials that includes content from Wikipedia and similarly licensed projects.

    This license must be used for the “new” Work.

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Does not address moral rights of authors.

    The protection of trademark and patent rights is implied.

    All rights not expressly granted by Licensor are hereby reserved.

    A.k.a. Attribution-ShareAlike 1.0 Generic

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    Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 France
    CC BY-SA 2.0 FR COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE in French
    This is a ported license, as it focuses more tightly on copyright laws in France or its jurisdiction.

    Approved for Free Cultural Works

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Does not address moral rights of authors or other rights such as integrity, publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights.

    The protection of trademark and patent rights is implied.

    Particular differences between the CC BY-SA 2.0 FR and CC BY-SA 2.0 are covered in the LEGAL CODE.

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    Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5
    CC BY-SA 2.5 COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    NOTE: CC BY-SA 2.5 has been replaced by CC BY-SA 4.0.

    No Works currently using CC BY-SA 2.5 will be automatically updated, so whatever license the source is using should be used by you.

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Does not address moral rights of authors or other rights such as integrity, publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights.

    The protection of trademark and patent rights is implied.

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    Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
    CC BY-SA 3.0 and
    CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported    		 COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    An unported license.

    Approved for Free Cultural Works

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law
    • May be legally required to collect royalties in those jurisdictions in which any statutory or compulsory licensing scheme cannot be waived, i.e., a Non-waivable Compulsory License Scheme [as of July 2018, the EU is considering such a scheme]

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Does not moral rights of authors.

    The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.

    The protection of trademark and patent rights is implied.

    Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States
    CC BY-SA 3.0 US COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    CC BY-SA 3.0 US absorbed the earlier CC BY-SA licenses to allow those licenses to be more attune to international treaties on copyright law.

    Approved for Free Cultural Works.

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., "this section is an excerpt of the original", "a French translation of the Work by the original author", "the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop", etc.
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it's where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Does not address moral rights of authors.

    The protection of trademark and patent rights is implied.

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    Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Germany
    CC BY-SA 3.0 DE COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE in German
    This is a ported license, as it focuses more tightly on copyright laws in Germany or its jurisdiction.

    Approved for Free Cultural Works

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Does not address moral rights of authors.

    The protection of trademark and patent rights is implied.

    The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.

    Particular differences between the CC BY-SA 3.0 DE and CC BY-SA 3.0 are covered in the LEGAL CODE.

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    Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 New Zealand
    CC BY-SA 3.0 NZ COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    This is a ported license, as it focuses more tightly on copyright laws in New Zealand or its jurisdiction.

    Approved for Free Cultural Works.

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Unless the Original Author, the licensor, waives their moral right to object to derogatory treatments of the Work to the extent necessary to enable you to reasonably exercise your right under this license to make adaptations but not otherwise.

      If the licensor is not the Original Author the Work will still be subject to the moral rights of the Original Author.

    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation
    • Keep intact all notices that refer to this license, in particular the link (URI), if any, that the licensor specifies to be associated with the Work, unless such URI does not refer to the copyright notice or licensing information for the Work, to the extent reasonably practicable

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law
    • Waives the right to collect royalties, whether individually or via a licensing body such as a collecting society, for any exercise by you of the rights granted under this license

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Does not address moral rights of authors.

    The protection of trademark and patent rights is implied.

    The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.

    This license does not affect any rights that you may have under any applicable law, including fair use, fair dealing, or any other legally recognized limitation or exception to copyright infringement.

    All rights not expressly granted by the licensor are hereby reserved.

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    Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
    CC BY-SA 4.0 COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    Supersedes CC BY-SAs 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0.

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Produce and reproduce, but not Share, Adapted Material
    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes, technical or otherwise, were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license — this version or later or a BY-SA Compatible License — for your creation
    • Downstream licensees need only refer and adhere to the adapter’s license (you) when using adapted material that contains the copyrightable contributions of multiple authors

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law
    • May be legally required to collect royalties in those jurisdictions in which any statutory or compulsory licensing scheme cannot be waived, i.e., a Non-waivable Compulsory License Scheme [as of July 2018, the EU is considering such a scheme]

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. You may make technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures.

    Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.

    Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this license.

    Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

    A.k.a. Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0

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    Attribution-NoDerivs 2.0 Generic
    CC BY-ND 2.0
    Attribution NoDerivs    		 COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    Rule:
    You can:

    • Produce and reproduce, but not Share, Adapted Material
    • NOT alter this image, recording, etc., nor can you in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law
    • May be legally required to collect royalties in those jurisdictions in which any statutory or compulsory licensing scheme cannot be waived, i.e., a Non-waivable Compulsory License Scheme [as of July 2018, the EU is considering such a scheme]

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements or that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this license.

    The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.

    A.k.a. Attribution-NoDerivs 2.0

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    Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
    Visual of the CC BY icon
    CC BY-ND 4.0    		 COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    Rule:
    You can use this image commercially or not commercially, as long as you keep it whole and don’t change it at all. AND give credit to the original source.

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Produce and reproduce, but not Share, Adapted Material
    • NOT alter this image, recording, etc., nor can you in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation
    • Downstream licensees need only refer and adhere to the adapter’s license (you) when using adapted material that contains the copyrightable contributions of multiple authors

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law
    • May be legally required to collect royalties in those jurisdictions in which any statutory or compulsory licensing scheme cannot be waived, i.e., a Non-waivable Compulsory License Scheme [as of July 2018, the EU is considering such a scheme]

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements or that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this license.

    The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.

    A.k.a. No Derivatives, NoDerivs

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    Attribution-NonCommercial 1.0 Generic
    Visual of the CC BY icon
    CC BY-NC 1.0
    Attribution-NonCommercial    		 COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    Definition: Enables the rights holder to maximize distribution while maintaining control of the commercialization of their Works and still sell their own Work commercially.
    Rule: You MUST have the permission of the rights holder/creator/artist.

    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means
    • You must give credit to any others designated/mentioned/supplied by the original creator/artist/licensor/rights holder

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation
    • Downstream licensees need only refer and adhere to the adapter’s license (you) when using adapted material that contains the copyrightable contributions of multiple authors

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • By offering the Work for public release under this License, Licensor represents and warrants that, to the best of Licensor’s knowledge after reasonable inquiry:
      Licensor has secured all rights in the Work necessary to grant the license rights hereunder and to permit the lawful exercise of the rights granted hereunder without you having any obligation to pay any royalties, compulsory license fees, residuals or any other payments;
    • The Work does not infringe the copyright, trademark, publicity rights, common law rights or any other right of any third party or constitute defamation, invasion of privacy or other tortious injury to any third party

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. You may make technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures.

    Expressly states moral rights, such as the right of integrity, publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights are not licensed; however, to the extent possible, the licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow you to exercise the licensed rights, but not otherwise.

    Trademark and patent rights are not licensed.

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    Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0 Generic
    CC BY-NC 2.0 COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    Rule: You MUST have the permission of the rights holder/creator/artist, and you may NOT use this image commercially.

    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means
    • You must give credit to any others designated/mentioned/supplied by the original creator/artist/licensor/rights holder

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation
    • Downstream licensees need only refer and adhere to the adapter’s license (you) when using adapted material that contains the copyrightable contributions of multiple authors

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • By offering the Work for public release under this License, Licensor represents and warrants that, to the best of Licensor’s knowledge after reasonable inquiry:
      Licensor has secured all rights in the Work necessary to grant the license rights hereunder and to permit the lawful exercise of the rights granted hereunder without you having any obligation to pay any royalties, compulsory license fees, residuals or any other payments
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law
    • Reserves the exclusive right to collect, whether individually or via a performance-rights society, e.g., SoundExchange, royalties for the public digital performance, e.g., webcast of the Work (a sound recording), subject to the compulsory license created by 17 USC Section 114 of the US Copyright Act (or the equivalent in other jurisdictions), if Your public digital performance is primarily intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation.

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. You may make technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures.

    Expressly states moral rights, such as the right of integrity, publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights are not licensed; however, to the extent possible, the licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow you to exercise the licensed rights, but not otherwise.

    Trademark and patent rights are not licensed.

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    Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
    CC BY-NC 4.0 COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    Rule: You MUST have the permission of the rights holder/creator/artist, and you may NOT use this image commercially.

    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means
    • You must give credit to any others designated/mentioned/supplied by the original creator/artist/licensor/rights holder

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Make technical modifications necessary for you to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation
    • Downstream licensees need only refer and adhere to the adapter’s license (you) when using adapted material that contains the copyrightable contributions of multiple authors

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law
    • May be legally required to collect royalties in those jurisdictions in which any statutory or compulsory licensing scheme cannot be waived, i.e., a Non-waivable Compulsory License Scheme [as of July 2018, the EU is considering such a scheme]

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.

    Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.

    Expressly states moral rights, such as the right of integrity, publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights are not licensed; however, to the extent possible, the licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow you to exercise the licensed rights, but not otherwise.

    Trademark and patent rights are not licensed.

    Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

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    -NonCommercial-ShareAlike 1.0
    Visual of the CC BY icon
    CC BY-NC-SA 1.0    		 COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    Rule: You MUST have the permission of the rights holder/creator/artist, and you may NOT use this image commercially.

    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Does not address moral rights of authors.

    The protection of trademark and patent rights is implied.

    The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.

    A.k.a. CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

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    Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic
    CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
    Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike    		 COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    Rule: You MUST have the permission of the rights holder/creator/artist, and you may NOT use this image commercially.

    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Make technical modifications necessary for you to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law
    • May be legally required to collect royalties in those jurisdictions in which any statutory or compulsory licensing scheme cannot be waived, i.e., a Non-waivable Compulsory License Scheme [as of July 2018, the EU is considering such a scheme]
    • Reserves the exclusive right to collect, whether individually or via a performance-rights society, e.g., SoundExchange, royalties for the public digital performance, e.g., webcast of the Work (a sound recording), subject to the compulsory license created by 17 USC Section 114 of the US Copyright Act (or the equivalent in other jurisdictions), if Your public digital performance is primarily intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation.

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Expressly states moral rights, such as the right of integrity, publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights are not licensed; however, to the extent possible, the licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow you to exercise the licensed rights, but not otherwise.

    Trademark and patent rights are not licensed.

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    Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States
    CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    Rule: You MUST have the permission of the rights holder/creator/artist, and you may NOT use this image commercially.

    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means
    • There can be no payment of any monetary compensation in connection with this copyrighted Work

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Make technical modifications necessary for you to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law
    • May be legally required to collect royalties in those jurisdictions in which any statutory or compulsory licensing scheme cannot be waived, i.e., a Non-waivable Compulsory License Scheme [as of July 2018, the EU is considering such a scheme]
    • Reserves the exclusive right to collect, whether individually or via a performance-rights society, e.g., SoundExchange, royalties for the public digital performance, e.g., webcast of the Work (a sound recording), subject to the compulsory license created by 17 USC Section 114 of the US Copyright Act (or the equivalent in other jurisdictions), if Your public digital performance is primarily intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation.

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Expressly states moral rights, such as the right of integrity, publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights are not licensed; however, to the extent possible, the licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow you to exercise the licensed rights, but not otherwise.

    Trademark and patent rights are not licensed.

    All rights not expressly granted by Licensor are hereby reserved.

    A.k.a. Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 (Unported)

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    Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License
    CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    Rule:You MUST have the permission of the rights holder/creator/artist, and you may NOT use this image commercially.

    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means
    • There can be no payment of any monetary compensation in connection with this copyrighted Work

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Make technical modifications necessary for you to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation
    • Downstream licensees need only refer and adhere to the adapter’s license (you) when using adapted material that contains the copyrightable contributions of multiple authors

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law
    • May be legally required to collect royalties in those jurisdictions in which any statutory or compulsory licensing scheme cannot be waived, i.e., a Non-waivable Compulsory License Scheme [as of July 2018, the EU is considering such a scheme]
    • Reserves the exclusive right to collect, whether individually or via a performance-rights society, e.g., SoundExchange, royalties for the public digital performance, e.g., webcast of the Work (a sound recording), subject to the compulsory license created by 17 USC Section 114 of the US Copyright Act (or the equivalent in other jurisdictions), if Your public digital performance is primarily intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation.

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Expressly states moral rights, such as the right of integrity, publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights are not licensed; however, to the extent possible, the licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow you to exercise the licensed rights, but not otherwise.

    Trademark and patent rights are not licensed.

    All rights not expressly granted by Licensor are hereby reserved.

    Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

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    Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
    Visual of the CC BY icon
    CC BY-NC-ND 4.0    		 COMMONS DEED LEGAL CODE
    The most restrictive of the six main licenses.

    Rule: You MUST have the permission of the rights holder/creator/artist, you may NOT make any changes to the image, and you may NOT use this image commercially.

    You can:

    • NOT change or alter the Work in any way nor suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially as long as you keep it whole and credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means
    • There can be no payment of any monetary compensation in connection with this copyrighted Work

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Make technical modifications necessary for you to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Provide the LEGAL CODE link to the CC license (it’s where the disclaimer of warranties is located)
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation
    • Downstream licensees need only refer and adhere to the adapter’s license (you) when using adapted material that contains the copyrightable contributions of multiple authors

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law
    • May be legally required to collect royalties in those jurisdictions in which any statutory or compulsory licensing scheme cannot be waived, i.e., a Non-waivable Compulsory License Scheme [as of July 2018, the EU is considering such a scheme]
    • Reserves the exclusive right to collect, whether individually or via a performance-rights society, e.g., SoundExchange, royalties for the public digital performance, e.g., webcast of the Work (a sound recording), subject to the compulsory license created by 17 USC Section 114 of the US Copyright Act (or the equivalent in other jurisdictions), if Your public digital performance is primarily intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation.

    You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. The licensor/rights holder may allow you to do this, but you must receive permission from them.

    Expressly states moral rights, such as the right of integrity, publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights are not licensed; however, to the extent possible, the licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow you to exercise the licensed rights, but not otherwise.

    Trademark and patent rights are not licensed.

    All rights not expressly granted by Licensor are hereby reserved.

    Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

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    Creative Commons Plus
    Visual of the CC+ icon
    CC+    		 Wiki CC
    Summary: This is an adjunct license that functions as a protocol providing a simple way for users to get rights beyond the rights granted by a CC license by combining the official CC license with another separate and independent agreement granting more permissions (CC+). This separate agreement must be a separate document or resource — the official legal code of the CC license cannot be added to or changed.

    For example, a Work’s Creative Commons license might offer noncommercial rights. With CC+, the license can link to a resource indicating how a re-user may secure commercial rights or other additional permissions or services such as warranty, permission to use without attribution, or even access to physical media.

    To use CC+ (and use of that mark) requires that the Work be licensed under a standard CC license that provides a baseline set of permissions that have not been modified or customized but reproduces the license verbatim. The plus (+) signifies that all of those same permissions are granted, plus more.
    Rule: The CC license should link to the COMMONS DEED and the generic commercial license should link to a place on the Internet to view the specific CC+ license.

    If there is a CC+ adjunct license available, the CC icon will be followed by additional text: “Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at . . .” (“CCPlus”). It will include an RDFa attribute that tells other machines to include the + symbol with a link to the more-permissions URL.
    (There are examples of how to do this at Easy CC+ Markups.)
    “CC+ Technical Implementation for the World Wide Web explains how to add CC+ functionality to your site. (The non-technical companion, “CC and CC+ Overview for the World Wide Web”, provides a conceptual description of this approach.)

    A.k.a. CCPlus

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    Europeana License Rights

    Europeana is similar to the Creative Commons with a focus on European rights and includes another eight licenses for EU-based Works. These eight are in addition to the six Creative Commons licenses.

    If you choose to use Work from an EU-based organization or your site is in the EU, or your work is being sold in the EU, you must respect the license and how you can use that image IF your usage will be viewed or used by a viewer in the European Union. Otherwise, you could run into trouble. The financial kind.

    Europeana

    Visual of the Europeana Pro icon    		 Available Rights Statements*
    * Read the Change log for updates to the Available Rights Statements as well as their compatibility with Creative Commons licenses.

    “This usage guide is based on goodwill. It is not a legal contract. We ask that you respect it.”

    You may want to read a PDF of the Europeana Licensing Framework.

    Europeana is described “as the central reference report for Europe’s online cultural heritage”.

    The Europeana Data Model (edm) specifies how data needs to be formatted so that Europeans can use it. Europeana uses the contents of the edm:rights field to tell the end-user under which terms they can use the previews and digital objects that they find via Europeana.

    Read the EDM Guidelines for more information.

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    Public Domain Mark
    PDM (Europeana) Available Rights Statements Public Domain Usage Guidelines
    Applies to Digital Objects which are no longer protected by copyright. Objects that are labeled as being in the public domain can be used by anyone without any restrictions.

    Rule: All content that is in the public domain must be labeled accordingly by applying the PDM.

    You must:

    • Provide a link to the Public Domain Usage Guidelines
    • Be culturally aware. If the Work includes culturally sensitive elements you should not change or use these in ways that might be derogatory to other cultures or communities.
    • Any changes made to the original should be clearly indicated. You should label the Work to show you have changed it, so that other users know who made the changes.
    • Give credit where credit is due. When you use a public domain Work, credit the Author or Creator
    • Provide a link back to the institution (such as the archive, museum, or library) that provided the Work, as the more you credit the institution the greater the encouragement to put more public domain Works online

    You must NOT:

    • Remove any public domain mark or notice that has been applied, or provide misleading information about its copyright status
    • NOT attribute your changes to the Creator or the provider of the Work. The name or logo of the Creator or provider should not be used to endorse the modified Work or any use of it without their consent.
    • Do not use the Work in any way that is unlawful and misleading

    Creator/Provider:

    • If the Creator, or provider on behalf of the Creator, has asked that a public domain Work should not be changed or that it should be used in certain contexts only, then please respect their wishes.

    If you would, please:

    • Share knowledge. If you use a public domain Work to generate new Work or if you have additional information about it (such where it came from, its Author, content or other possible rights holders), please share your knowledge. That may include tagging, annotating or commenting on a public domain Work that is published online and sending back this information to the institution that holds the original object.
    • Donate back with monetary contributions or Work-in-kind, particularly when the Work is being used for commercial or other for-profit purposes, and the provider is a public or non-profit institution

    Include the following URI in your metadata: <edm:rights rdf:resource=”http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/”/>

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    No Copyright - Non Commercial Re-use Only
    NoC-NC Available Rights Statements Rights Statement for No Copyright – Non-commercial Use Only
    Applies to public domain Digital Objects which have been digitized as an outcome of a public-private partnership where such contractual agreements exist, limit commercial use for a certain period of time.

    Rule 1: You may not use this image commercially UNTIL the Creator-specified calendar year arrives.

    Rule 2: When it is legal to use the Work commercially, there is a time limit on how long it can be used commercially.

    Rule 3: Where publicly available, the Creator will publish the first calendar year in which the Digital Object can be used by third parties without restrictions on commercial use, as noted in the contractual agreement.

    This rights statement may only be used for digital representations of objects where such contractual agreements exist.

    Contact the ingestion team to get advice on how to supply expiration dates.

    Include the following URI in your metadata: <edm:rights rdf:resource=http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-NC/1.0/”/>

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    No Copyright - Other Known Legal Restriction
    NoC-OKLR Available Rights Statements Rights Statement for No Copyright – Other Known Legal Restriction
    Used with public domain Digital Objects that are not restricted by copyright and/or related rights, however, in one or more jurisdictions, laws other than copyright are known to impose restrictions on the use of this Work. Please refer to the organization that has made the Work available for more information.

    This rights statement may only be used where legal restrictions in the country of origin of the data provider apply.

    In addition, data providers must provide a link to a page detailing the legal restrictions that limit re-use of the object.

    Rule: Other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you may use the material, and you may need to obtain other permissions for your intended use.

    Creator/Provider:

    • Unless expressly stated otherwise, the organization that has made this Work available makes no warranties about the Work and cannot guarantee the accuracy of this Rights Statement. You are responsible for your own use.
      • You may find additional information about the copyright status of the Work on the website of the organization that has made the Work available.

    Include the following URI in your metadata: <edm:rights rdf:resource=”http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-OKLR/1.0/”/>

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    Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
    CC0̷
    CC0̷ 1.0    		 Available Rights Statements Rights Statement for Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication or the CC0̷ in this post.
    Rule: Waives all the rights in a Digital Object. By applying this waiver, all possible existing rights in the content are waived, and the Work can be used by anyone without any restrictions.

    Include the following URI in your metadata: <edm:rights rdf:resource=”http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/”/>

    For the rest of the license requirements, see Creative Commons CC0 1.0 above in this post.

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    Creative Commons - Attribution
    CC BY Available Rights Statements Rights Statement for Creative Commons – Attribution or the CC BY 4.0 in this post.
    You choose the license you want used for this “new” Work.

    Rule: CC BY is recommended to enable access, discovery, and use of licensed Works.

    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    Include the following URI in your metadata: <edm:rights rdf:resource=”http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/”/>

    For the rest of the license requirements, see Creative Commons – Attribution above in this post.

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    Creative Commons - Attribution, ShareAlike
    CC BY-SA Available Rights Statements Creative Commons – Attribution, ShareAlike or the CC BY-SA 4.0 in this post.
    Rule:
    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means
    • Provide the Rights Statement for Creative Commons-Attribution link to the license, <https://pro.europeana.eu/page/available-rights-statements>
    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation

    Include the following URI in your metadata: <edm:rights rdf:resource=”http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/”/>

    For the rest of the license requirements, see Creative Commons – Attribution, ShareAlike above in this post.

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    Creative Commons - Attribution, No Derivatives
    CC BY-ND Available Rights Statements Rights Statement for Creative Commons – Attribution, No Derivatives or the CC BY-ND 4.0 in this post.
    Rule:
    You can:

    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You can not:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., in any way nor can you in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use

    Include the following URI in your metadata: <edm:rights rdf:resource=”http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/”/>

    For the rest of the license requirements, see Creative Commons – Attribution, No Derivatives above in this post.

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    Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial
    CC BY-NC Available Rights Statements Rights Statement for Creative Commons – Attribution, Non-Commercial or the CC BY-NC 4.0 in this post.
    Rule: You MUST have the permission of the rights holder/creator/artist.

    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means
    • You must give credit to any others designated/mentioned/supplied by the original creator/artist/licensor/rights holder

    Include the following URI in your metadata: <edm:rights rdf:resource=”http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/”/>

    For the rest of the license requirements, see Creative Commons – Attribution, Non-Commercial above in this post.

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    Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, ShareAlike
    CC BY-NC-SA Available Rights Statements Rights Statement for Creative Commons – Attribution, Non-Commercial, ShareAlike or the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 in this post.
    Rule:
    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means
    • There can be no payment of any monetary compensation in connection with this copyrighted Work

    Include the following URI in your metadata: <edm:rights rdf:resource=”http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/”/>

    For the rest of the license requirements, see Creative Commons – Attribution, Non-Commercial, ShareAlike above in this post.

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    Creative Commons - Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivatives
    CC BY-NC-ND Available Rights Statements Rights Statement for Creative Commons – Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivatives or the Creative Commons – Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivatives in this post.
    The most restrictive of the six main licenses.

    Rule:
    You can:

    • NOT change or alter the Work in any way nor suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially as long as you keep it whole and credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means
    • There can be no payment of any monetary compensation in connection with this copyrighted Work

    Include the following URI in your metadata: <edm:rights rdf:resource=”http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/”/>

    For the rest of the license requirements, see Creative Commons – Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivatives above in this post.

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    In Copyright
    InC Available Rights Statements Rights Statement for In Copyright
    This Work is protected by copyright and/or related rights.

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Use this Work in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use
    • May need to obtain other permissions for your intended use from the rights-holder(s)
    • Other rights such as publicity, privacy or moral rights may limit how you may use the material

    The Creator:

    • Unless expressly stated otherwise, the organization that has made this Work available makes no warranties about the Work and cannot guarantee the accuracy of this Rights Statement. You are responsible for your own use.

    You may find additional information about the copyright status of the Work on the website of the organization that has made the Work available.

    Include the following URI in your metadata: <edm:rights rdf:resource=”http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/”/>

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    In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted
    InC-EDU Available Rights Statements Rights Statement for In Copyright – Educational Use Permitted
    This Work is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Work in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Use with in copyright Digital Objects which are freely available online and where the rights holder(s) have allowed re-use for educational purposes only
    • Other rights such as publicity, privacy or moral rights may limit how you may use the material

    The creator/organization:

    • That has made this Work available makes no warranties about the Item and cannot guarantee the accuracy of this Rights Statement. You are responsible for your own use.

    You may find additional information about the copyright status of the Work on the website of the organization that has made the Work available.

    Include the following URI in your metadata: <edm:rights rdf:resource=”http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/”/>

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    In Copyright - EU Orphan Work
    InC-EU-OW Available Rights Statements Rights Statement for In Copyright – EU Orphan Work
    An Orphan Work is identified as:

    1. No rights-holder(s) have been identified, or
    2. One or more rights-holder(s) have been identified but none have been located even though a diligent search for the rights-holder(s) has been conducted

    The results of the diligent search are available in the EU Orphan Works Database.

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Use with Digital Objects that have been identified as an Orphan Work in the country of first publication and in line with the requirements of the national law implementing Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of Orphan Works
    • Only use this for Works for which a diligent search has been undertaken, and if it has been registered with the National competent authority
    • Once this has all been determined, you are free to use this Work in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use
    • Other rights such as publicity, privacy or moral rights may limit how you may use the material
    • You may need to obtain other permissions for your intended use

    If you would, please:

    • Pass on any information that can contribute to identifying or locating the rights-holder(s) to the organization that has made the Work available

    The organization that has:

    • Made this Work available makes no warranties about the Work and cannot guarantee the accuracy of this Rights Statement. You are responsible for your own use.
    • Additional information about the copyright status of the Work may be found on the website of the organization that has made the Work available

    Include the following URI in your metadata: <edm:rights rdf:resource=”http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-OW-EU/1.0/”/>

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    Copyright Not Evaluated
    CNE Available Rights Statements Rights Statement for Copyright Not Evaluated
    Rule:
    You can:

    • Use with Digital Objects where the copyright and related rights status has not been evaluated, and you should refer to the organization that has made the Work available for more information
    • Once this is clarified, you are free to use this Work in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use
    • Other rights such as publicity, privacy or moral rights may limit how you may use the material
    • You may need to obtain other permissions for your intended use

    The organization that has:

    • Made this Work available makes no warranties about the Work and cannot guarantee the accuracy of this Rights Statement. You are responsible for your own use.
    • Additional information about the copyright status of the Work may be found on the website of the organization that has made the Work available

    Before applying this rights statement, please consult with the ingestion team.

    Include the following URI in your metadata: <edm:rights rdf:resource=”http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/CNE/1.0/”/>

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    All Rights Reserved
    Visual of the All Rights Reserved icon
    All Rights Reserved    		 Wiki CC
    NOTE: Today “All Rights Reserved” has no legal significance, as in copyright law, by default, all rights are reserved; nothing may be done with a copyrighted Work without explicit permission.

    The “All Rights Reserved” notice (+ copyright) makes it very clear to everyone it’s the Creator’s Work with all its rights belonging to the Creator.

    That means you can’t use it. Without the Creator’s written permission.

    By including a CC/Flickr/GFDL license with the “All Rights Reserved” notice, it indicates that the Creator will allow people to do these specific things with the Work.

    Copyright © YourName 2012. All rights reserved.

    Any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form, including transmission or storage in any other website or other form of electronic retrieval system, except with express written permission, is prohibited.

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    Licenses Besides Creative Commons and Europeana

    The copyleft licenses (a play on copyright) have some of the same requirements as the Creative Commons ones. The GFDL, A.k.a. GNU Documentation, is image-heavy. Open Source, the Apache License, and the GNU GPL are primarily aimed at software.

    I am not saying that the following organizations do this, but there are times when a Work that is CC-licensed is on a site that has more restrictive rules about others being able to use material on that platform. Rules that interfere with CC licenses are strongly discouraged by CC. So, you may be breaking the site's rules about downloading, but you won't be breaking CC licensing rules.

    Art Libre
    Visual of the Art Libre icon
    Art Libre    		 Definition
    The current version of the Art Libre License is 1.3, as of 2019.

    A copyleft license grants the right to freely copy, distribute, and transform creative Works without infringing the author’s rights on any digital or physical Work, including scientific, artistic, or educational projects.

    The Work is still subject to copyright laws.

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Choose to apply the Free Art License on any text, picture, sound, gesture, or whatever sort of stuff on which you have sufficient author’s rights.
    • Copies of the Work can be modified by whoever wants to.
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Use the license applied by the original Artist for all subsequent derivative Works.

    If supplied, you must include:

    • Copyright notice
    • Give credit to any others designated/mentioned/supplied by the licensor/rights holder

    You cannot:

    • Appropriate the Work for your exclusive possession.

    Accreditation:

    An Art Libre Work must be accredited with:

    1. Name of the author(s) of the original Work AND the authors of the subsequent Works
    2. Title of the Work
    3. Date of the Work
    4. Where to find the original Work(s), if possible

    A.k.a. Free Art License

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    Flickr
    Visual of the CC BY icon Terms & Conditions of Use
    The Flickr default when a photographer signs up is for an All Rights Reserved license. Most photographers use one of the Creative Commons licenses.

    Rule: Respect the copyright of others. This means don’t steal photos or videos that other people have shared and pass them off as your own.
    You must:

    • Include a link to the Flickr page where you found the Work

    The Original Artist/Author represents and warrants that:

    1. You own or otherwise control all of the rights to the User Content that you post or transmit, or you otherwise have the right to post, use, display, distribute, and reproduce such User Content and to grant the rights granted herein;
    2. The User Content supplied by the Original Artist/Author is accurate and not misleading; and,
    3. The use and posting of the User Content you supply does not violate the Flickr Terms of Use and will not violate any rights of or cause injury to any person or entity

    Flickr does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law.

    Content providers on Flickr primarily use the Creative Commons licenses; you may want to refer to the CC licenses above.

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    No Known Copyright Restrictions
    No Known Copyright Restrictions
    Flickr must set up the following license types specially for your account. Once your account is configured for either of these types, you can only upload images of that one type. Or just use Public Domain or CC0̷ licenses.

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    United States Government Works
    US Government Works About
    Flickr must set up the following license types specially for your account. Once your account is configured for either of these types, you can only upload images of that one type. Or just use Public Domain or CC0̷ licenses.

    Definition: United States Government creative Works, including writing, images, and computer code, are usually prepared by officers or employees of the United States government as part of their official duties. A government Work is generally not subject to copyright in the United States and there is generally no copyright restriction on reproduction, derivative Works, distribution, performance, or display of a government Work. Unless the Work falls under an exception, anyone may, without restriction under US copyright laws:

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Reproduce the Work in print or digital form
    • Create derivative Works
    • Perform the Work publicly
    • Display the Work
    • Distribute copies or digitally transfer the Work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending

    While most US government creative Works such as writing or images are copyright-free, check to make sure it does not fall under one of these exceptions:

    • Other people may have rights in the Work itself or in how the Work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights.
    • Not all information that appears on US government websites is considered to be a US government Work. For example, it is possible that some or all of the text, trademarks, logos, or images on a US government website may be protected intellectual property not owned by the US government, but used by permission of the rights holder. To ensure that you don’t mistakenly use protected intellectual property from one of our websites, check with the agency or program that manages the website.
    • Use a Work prepared for the US government by independent contractors; it may be owned by the independent contractor or by the US government.
    • The US government Work designation does not apply to Works of US state and local governments. Works of state and local governments may be protected by copyright.
    • Copyright laws differ internationally. While a US government Work is not protectable under US copyright laws, the Work may be protected under the copyright laws of other jurisdictions when used in these jurisdictions. The US government may assert copyright outside of the United States for US government Works.

    You can not:

    • Use US government trademarks or the logos of US government agencies without permission. For example, you cannot use an agency logo or trademark on your social media page.
    • Use a US government Work in a way that implies endorsement by a US government agency, official, or employee. For example, you cannot use a photo of a government official wearing your product in an advertisement.

    Find more information on their webpage, Learn About Copyrighted Government Works.

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    Free Cultural Works 1.1
    Visual of one of the Free Cultural Works icon
    Free Cultural Works    		 Definition
    The stable version of Free Cultural Works is 1.1.

    Rule: For the Work to be truly free, it must use one of the Free Culture Licenses or be in the public domain. *

    To be recognized as “free” under this definition, a license must grant the following freedoms without limitation:

    • Freedom to use and perform the Work
      • The licensee must be allowed to make any use, private or public, of the Work
      • This freedom should include all derived uses (“related rights”) such as performing or interpreting the Work
      • There must be no exceptions regarding, for example, political or religious considerations
    • Freedom to study the Work and apply the information:
      • The licensee must be allowed to examine the Work and to use the knowledge gained from the Work in any way
      • The license may not, for example, restrict “reverse engineering”
    • Freedom to redistribute copies:
      • Copies may be sold, swapped or given away for free, as part of a larger Work, a collection, or independently with no limit on the amount of information that can be copied
      • There must not be any limit on who can copy the information or on where the information can be copied
    • Freedom to distribute derivative Works:
      • To give everyone the ability to improve upon a Work, the license must not limit the freedom to distribute a modified version (or, for physical Works, a Work somehow derived from the original), regardless of the intent and purpose of such modifications
      • Some permissible restrictions may be applied to protect these essential freedoms or the attribution of authors
    • Permissible restrictions that do not impede essential freedoms on the use or distribution of Works include requirements for:
      • Attribution
      • Symmetric collaboration, i.e., copyleft
      • The protection of essential freedom
    • Availability of source data:
      • Where a final Work has been obtained through the compilation or processing of a source file or multiple source files, all underlying source data should be available alongside the Work itself under the same conditions, e.g., the score of a musical composition, the models used in a 3D scene, the data of a scientific publication, the source code of a computer application, or any other such information.
    • Use of a free format:
      • For digital files, the format in which the Work is made available should not be protected by patents, unless a world-wide, unlimited, and irrevocable royalty-free grant is given to make use of the patented technology
      • While non-free formats may sometimes be used for practical reasons, a free format copy must be available for the Work to be considered free
    • No technical restrictions:
      • The Work must be available in a form where no technical measures are used to limit the freedoms enumerated above
    • No other restrictions or limitations:
      • The Work itself must not be covered by legal restrictions (patents, contracts, etc.) or limitations (such as privacy rights) which would impede the freedoms enumerated above
      • A Work may make use of existing legal exemptions to copyright (in order to cite copyrighted Works), though only the portions of it which are unambiguously free constitute a free Work

    * The Work cannot be considered and should not be called “free” whenever the user of a Work cannot legally or practically exercise his or her basic freedoms.

    Free Culture Licenses do not take any rights away — they are always optional to accept, and if accepted, they grant freedoms which copyright law alone does not provide. When accepted, they never limit or reduce existing exemptions in copyright laws.

    We encourage you to use the Free Cultural Works logos and buttons, which are in the public domain.

    We discourage you from using terms to identify Free Cultural Works which do not convey a clear definition of freedom, such as “Open Content” and “Open Access.” These terms are often used to refer to content which is available under “less restrictive” terms than those of existing copyright laws, or even for Works that are just “available on the Web”.

    A.k.a. Free Content

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    FreeImages.com Content License
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    FreeImages.com Content License
    The current version of FreeImages is effective July 2015.

    The licensing entity is Getty Images International when using any images found on their site, whether it’s the general content or premium. Explore iStock for more on premium (costs money) content with broader rights for the Works.

    The rules are straightforward with some deviations from the CC licenses. The only variations are the general content and the premium, so you can explore these should you use Getty Images.

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    GNU Free Documentation License
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    GNU Free Documentation License v1.3    		 GFDL
    The current version of the GNU Free Documentation License, effective 3 November 2008.

    This is a copyleft license, a general license that allows you to freely use Work or a software program. This does not necessarily mean that it’s “zero price”.

    As of April 2017:

    • Wikipedia can release their newly written text under both GFDL and CC-BY-SA in parallel. However, if they imported any external material that’s available under CC-BY-SA and not under GFDL, Wikipedia is bound by that.
    • All old revisions are released under GFDL and CC-BY-SA.
    • All new revisions are released with this license statement:
      • This page is released under CC-BY-SA. Depending on its editing history, it MAY also be available under the GFDL; see [link] for how to determine that.

    Wikimedia Commons has a variety of GNU license icons available.

    Rule: Explore the rules at GFDL.

    All modified and extended versions of the program are to be free as well with the same rights preserved in derivative Works down the line.

    Copies may also be sold commercially, but if produced in larger quantities (greater than 100), the original document or source code must be made available to the Work’s recipient.

    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use

    You must:

    • Use the same CC BY license for your creation
    A.k.a. FDL, GNU FDL

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    Pixabay License
    Pixabay Human-readable Full Text
    Rule:
    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor or people or brands in the Work endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially, in altered and unaltered form.
    • You don’t need to ask permission from or provide credit to the image author or Pixabay, although it is appreciated when possible.
    • You can use all images and videos published on Pixabay for free (except as noted under “You cannot”).

    You must:

    • Add value to the Work before selling it.

    You cannot:

    • Redistribute images or videos on other stock photo or wallpaper platforms UNLESS you have added value to it.
    • Identifiable people may not appear in a bad light or in a way that is offensive.

    CAUTIONS:
    Identifiable people or logos in the Work may have other rights such as copyright or trademarks that require consent or a license from a third party. You may want to explore Pixabay’s Model- and Property Release.

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    Software Licenses

    Apache License 2.0
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    AL 2.0    		 Apache License
    The Apache License is permissive free software license written by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF), which primarily focuses on software.

    While there are AL 1.0 and AL 1.1 versions, all active products should have had a version released under the Apache License 2.0.

    Each Contributor hereby grants to you a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of, publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.

    Apache projects that are unmodified media can include CC BY-SA 2.5, CC BY-SA 3.0, and CC BY-SA 4.0, subject to the licenses’ attribution clauses which may require LICENSE/NOTICE/README changes. For any other type of CC-SA licensed Work, please contact the Legal PMC.

    Any Creative Commons Non-Commercial licenses may NOT be combined with an Apache license.

    At the bottom of the Apache webpage, there is a short instruction on “How to Apply the Apache License to Your Work“.

    Rule:
    You can:

    • Alter this image, recording, etc., as long as you do not in any way suggest the licensor endorses you or your use
    • Use it non-commercially or commercially as long as you credit the artist/author/licensor/wiki/journal, etc., for the original creation in the manner they specify and that is reasonable to the medium or means

    You must:

    • Describe what, if any, changes were made to the Work and credit the original Work in any reasonable manner, i.e., “this section is an excerpt of the original”, “a French translation of the Work by the original author”, “the image was brightened/cropped/++ in Photoshop”, etc.
    • Make technical modifications necessary for you to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so
    • Use the same license for your creation
    • Ensure that all credits, links, and descriptions are provided the same placement and prominence as any other comparable authorship credit
    • Include any “NOTICE” text file as a readable copy of the attribution notices contained within such NOTICE files, excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, if the Work includes one, as part of the Work’s distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must be included in at least one of the following places:
      1. Within a NOTICE text file distributed as part of the Derivative Works;
      2. Within the Source form or documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
      3. Within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and wherever such third-party notices normally appear.

      The contents of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed as modifying the License.

    If supplied, you must include:

    • A link where the Work is hosted to the extent reasonably practicable
    • Copyright notice and disclaimer of the Original Author must be preserved
      • You may add your own copyright statement to your modifications and may provide additional or different license terms and conditions for use, reproduction, or distribution of your modifications, or for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided your use, reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with the conditions stated in this License.
    • Title of the Work

    The licensor:

    • If they request that you remove any reference to the Licensor or Original Author/Artist, you must, to the extent practicable, remove it
    • Does not warrant that the Work does not infringe the Work of another, explicitly offering the Work “AS IS” and disclaims all liabilities to the extent allowable by law
    • Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory, whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise, unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill, work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
    • Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer, and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity, or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify, defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.

    Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made, use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work, where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s) with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You institute patent litigation against any entity (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate as of the date such litigation is filed.

    Trade names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor are not among the rights licensed, except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.

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    GNU General Public License v3
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    GNU GPL v3    		 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
    The current version of the GNU GPL is 1.3, effective 29 June 2007.

    This is the dominant copyleft software license.

    Wikimedia Commons has a variety of GNU license icons available.

    Rule: Explore the rules at GNU Free Documentation License.

    A.k.a. GPL, GPL3

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    Open Source Software
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    OSS    		 FAQs
    This applies to open source software, that is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and enhance.

    Rule:
    You must:

    • Use the same license for your creation

    A.k.a. open source way

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    Sui Generis Database Rights
    Sui Generis Database Rights
    Sui Generis database rights are a property right and granted to database makers who make a substantial investment of time and resources to create the database. Such rights are also licensed by CC and “are primarily enacted within the European Union and a handful of other jurisdictions” (Frequently Asked Questions) and “grant qualifying database makers the right to prohibit the extraction and reuse of a substantial portion of a database.

    Sui Generis Database Rights exist in certain of the licenses with different restrictions. As this post is directed at those needing to use images, I’m merely mentioning it…as I wondered what it was about and how it applied to images. So I imagined you might wonder as well. Research the legal code on any license to verify if or what you can use, if you’re interested.

    Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.

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    Self-Publishing Tips

    I never do see the point of keeping all my research to myself, and as I explore the field of self-publishing, and in particular, how to play it safe!, I'm sharing this chunk'a research on protecting yourself and the artists (and keep the artists interested in sharing their Work forever!). As Publishing Tips is ever evolving, I would appreciate suggestions and comments from anyone on publishing with which you struggle or on which you can contribute more understanding.

    If you found this post on "Understanding Licensing" interesting, consider subscribing to KD Did It, if you'd like to track this post for future updates.

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    C'mon, get it out of your system, bitch, whine, moan . . . which words are your pet peeves? Also, please note that I try to be as accurate as I can, but mistakes happen or I miss something. Email me if you find errors, so I can fix them . . . and we'll all benefit!

    Satisfy your curiosity about other Publishing Tips posts on its homepage or more generally explore the index of self-editing posts. You may also want to explore Book Layout & Formatting Ideas, Formatting Tips, Grammar Explanations, Linguistics, Properly Punctuated, Word Confusions, Writing Ideas and Resources, and Working Your Website.

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    Resources for Understanding Licensing

    "About the Licenses." About The Licenses. Creative Commons. Last modified 7 Nov 2017. <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/>.

    "About the Rights." Flickr. n.d. Accessed n.d. <https://www.flickr.com/commons/usage/?ytcheck=1">. Flickr.com's take on the "no known copyright restrictions".

    "Attributing Creative Commons Materials". Creative Commons.org. n.d. Accessed n.d.
    <http://creativecommons.org.au/materials/attributingccmaterials.pdf>.

    "Can I Use Someone Else's Work? Can Someone Else Use Mine?" United States Copyright Office. n.d. Accessed n.d. <https://www.copyright.gov/help/faq/faq-fairuse.html>.

    "CC and CC+ Overview for the World Wide Web." Creative Commons.org. n.d. Accessed n.d. <http://creativecommons.org/projects/ccplusd>. Explore more about CC+ and learn how to implement CC+ on your site.

    "Copyright-related Topics." World Intellectual Property Organization. n.d. Accessed n.d. <http://www.wipo.int/copyright/en/activities/>.

    Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license. <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/au>.

    Creative Commons Australia. <http://creativecommons.org.au>.

    "Frequently Asked Questions." Creative Commons. Last modified 7 Mar 2018. <https://creativecommons.org/faq/#what-are-the-international-unported-creative-commons-licenses-and-why-does-cc-offer-ported-licenses>

    "How to Use Google Reverse Image Search to Fact Check Images." Common Sense Education. 24 July 2018. Accessed n.d. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5e9wTdAulA>. YouTube.

    "Marking Your Work with a CC License." Creative Commons wiki page. <https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Marking_your_Work_with_a_CC_license#Noting_third-party_content_in_your_Work>. Check this page out, if you're interested in learning how to mark your Work with a CC license and/or create machine-readable attribution for it.

    "NonCommercial Interpretation." Creative Commons.org. n.d. Accessed n.d. <https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/NonCommercial_interpretation>. Check this out for more information on how to interpret the NonCommercial license AND consult with a lawyer to ensure you're not in violation.

    Sass, Rami. "Top 10 Apache License Questions Answered". WhiteSource.com. 6 May 2021. Accessed n.d. <https://resources.whitesourcesoftware.com/blog-whitesource/top-10-apache-license-questions-answered>.

    Stedman, Kyle. Creative Commons Plus: Increasing Options for Content Creators". Conference on College Composition & Communication. 26 July 2018. Accessed n.d. <http://cccc.ncte.org/cccc/committees/ip/2009developments/contentcreators>.

    Taher, Wassim. "Find People & Places Names From Pictures." 24 July 2018. Accessed n.d. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZ_MuNnDLyo>. YouTube.

    "Understanding the 2.0 License." Apache Software Foundation. n.d. Accessed n.d. <https://www.apache.org/dev/apply-license.html>.

    "Usage." The Commons. Flickr. n.d. Accessed n.d. <https://www.flickr.com/commons/usage/>. Provides detailed information on their licensing policies.

    "What is Copyright?" World Intellectual Property Organization. n.d. Accessed n.d. <http://www.wipo.int/copyright/en/>.

    "What is Creative Commons?" Creative Commons.org. n.d. Accessed n.d. <https://wiki.creativecommons.org/images/d/da/Cc-general.pdf>.

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    Pinterest Photo Credits:

    USPP7. Waterfront Mall , SW Washington DC, 23 Sept 2005, by Elvert Barnes is under the CC BY 2.0 license, via VisualHunt. It was cropped and resized in Photoshop.

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    3 responses to “Publishing: Understanding Licensing”

    1. suzannenewnham

      Fabulous informative article – and the detail is much appreciated. I’m not sure about the rest of the word but in Australia
      I received a free consultation via Arts Law Centre of Australia https://www.artslaw.com.au/ (which provides legal advice and information on a wide range of arts related legal and business matters) on some old images regarding copyright. My questions were answered in that consultation, however they also provide access to ongoing services (fee) if you have a more complicated situation.

      • kddidit

        Thank you, Suzanne for sharing your experience…all those writers in Australia and New Zealand get a new source, and the rest of us get some inspirational ideas on other places to look for help. And I thank you for your compliment.